Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a single-stranded polynucleotide molecule composed of nucleotide units containing ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases — adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). RNA plays essential roles in gene expression, serving as messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein synthesis, transfer RNA (tRNA) for amino acid delivery, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) for ribosome assembly. In advanced therapeutics manufacturing, RNA — particularly mRNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA) — is increasingly used as a therapeutic modality in vaccines, gene therapy, and RNA interference (RNAi) applications, requiring specialized manufacturing platforms and analytical methods for its production, purification, and characterization.
