Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are chemical and structural changes that occur to a protein after its synthesis (translation) in the cell. These modifications are essential for regulating protein folding, stability, activity, localization, and interactions. PTMs can include processes such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and disulfide bond formation. In biopharmaceutical manufacturing, PTMs are critically important because they directly affect the quality, efficacy, and safety of therapeutic proteins, especially monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins.
