Glycosylation is a post-translational modification in which carbohydrate chains (glycans) are covalently attached to specific amino acid residues of a protein, profoundly influencing its folding, stability, half-life, immunogenicity, and biological activity. It is a critical quality attributes (CQA) for many biopharmaceutical products, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-fusion proteins, where glycan profile directly impacts effector function and pharmacokinetics. Its control and characterization are a key focus in bioprocess development and regulatory submissions.
