Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the double-stranded polynucleotide molecule that carries the genetic information required for the development, function, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. It is composed of nucleotide units containing deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases — adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). In gene therapy and biopharmaceutical manufacturing, DNA serves as the starting material for plasmid production, viral vector manufacturing, and cell line development.
