Cryopreservation is the process of cooling and storing biological material — including cells, tissues, or biological products — at ultra-low temperatures, typically in liquid nitrogen (−196°C) or vapor phase, to maintain long-term viability and functionality. It is essential in cell banking, cell therapy manufacturing, and starting material storage, and requires the use of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) such as DMSO or glycerol to prevent ice crystal formation and cell damage.
